Computer Graphics Programs

Write a Program to draw basic graphics construction like line, circle, arc, ellipse and rectangle.

  #include<graphics.h>  #include<conio.h>  void main()  {  intgd=DETECT,gm;  initgraph (&gd,&gm,”c:\tc\bgi”);  setbkcolor(GREEN);  printf(“tttnnLINE”);  line(50,40,190,40);  printf(“ttnnnnRECTANGLE”);  rectangle(125,115,215,165);  printf(“tttnnnnnnnARC”);  arc(120,200,180,0,30);  printf(“tnnnnCIRCLE”);  circle(120,270,30);  printf(“tnnnnECLIPSE”);  ellipse(120,350,0,360,30,20);  getch();  }  

Output

Write a Program to draw animation using increasing circles filled with different colors and patterns.

  #include<graphics.h>  #include<conio.h>  void main()  {  intgd=DETECT, gm, i, x, y;  initgraph(&gd, &gm, “C:\TC\BGI”);  x=getmaxx()/3;  y=getmaxx()/3;  setbkcolor(WHITE);  setcolor(BLUE);  for(i=1;i<=8;i++)            {  setfillstyle(i,i);  delay(20);  circle(x, y, i*20);  floodfill(x-2+i*20,y,BLUE);  }  getch();  closegraph();  }  

Output

Program to make screen saver in that display different size circles filled with different colors and at random places.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include”graphics.h”  #include”stdlib.h”  void main()  {  intgd=DETECT,gm,i=0,x,xx,y,yy,r;  //Initializes the graphics system  initgraph(&gd,&gm,”c:\tc\bgi”);  x=getmaxx();  y=getmaxy();  while(!kbhit())  {  i++;    //setfillstyle(random(i),random(30));    circle(xx=random(x),yy=random(y),random(30));  setfillstyle(random(i),random(30));  floodfill(xx,yy,getmaxcolor());  delay(200);  }  getch();  }  

Output

Write a Program to make a moving colored car using inbuilt functions.

  #include<graphics.h>  #include<conio.h>  int main()  {  intgd=DETECT,gm, i, maxx, cy;  initgraph(&gd, &gm, “C:\TC\BGI”);  setbkcolor(WHITE);  setcolor(RED);  maxx = getmaxx();  cy = getmaxy()/2;  for(i=0;i<maxx-140;i++)          {  cleardevice();  line(0+i,cy-20, 0+i, cy+15);  line(0+i, cy-20, 25+i, cy-20);  line(25+i, cy-20, 40+i, cy-70);  line(40+i, cy-70, 100+i, cy-70);  line(100+i, cy-70, 115+i, cy-20);  line(115+i, cy-20, 140+i, cy-20);  line(0+i, cy+15, 18+i, cy+15);  circle(28+i, cy+15, 10);  line(38+i, cy+15, 102+i, cy+15);  circle(112+i, cy+15,10);  line(122+i, cy+15 ,140+i,cy+15);  line(140+i, cy+15, 140+i, cy-20);  rectangle(50+i, cy-62, 90+i, cy-30);  setfillstyle(1,BLUE);  floodfill(5+i, cy-15, RED);  setfillstyle(1, LIGHTBLUE);  floodfill(52+i, cy-60, RED);  delay(10);           }  getch();  closegraph();  return 0;  }  

Output

Write a Program to print your name in Hindi script on console output in C.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<dos.h>  void main()  {  int gd=DETECT,gm;  initgraph(&gd,&gm,”c:\tc\bgi”);  setbkcolor(9);  line(100,100,370,100);    line(120,100,120,170);  arc(143,100,0,180,23);  line(165,100,165,155);  arc(150,155,100,0,15);  line(180,100,180,170);    circle(210,140,10);  line(210,130,250,130);    circle(280,140,10);  line(280,130,330,130);  line(330,100,330,170);  line(345,100,345,170);  ellipse(337,100,0,180,9,18);  getch();  }  

Output

Write a Program control a ball using arrow keys.

  #include<graphics.h>  #include<stdio.h>  void main()  {  intgd=DETECT,gm,x,y,r=40;  charch;  initgraph(&gd,&gm,”C:/TURBOC3/BGI”);  setbkcolor(3);  x=getmaxx()/2;  y=getmaxy()/2;  setfillstyle(1,RED);  circle(x,y,r);  floodfill(x,y,getmaxcolor());  while((ch=getch())!=13)        {  switch(ch)                       {  case 75:if(x>=r+1)                                  {  cleardevice();  circle(x-=10,y,r);  floodfill(x,y,getmaxcolor());                        }  break;  case 72:if(y>=r+1)                                  {  cleardevice();  circle(x,y-=10,r);  floodfill(x,y,getmaxcolor());                                    }  break;  case 77:if(x<=(getmaxx()-r-10))                                 {  cleardevice();  circle(x+=10,y,r);  floodfill(x,y,getmaxcolor());                                  }    break;  case 80:if(y<=(getmaxy()-r-10))                                 {  cleardevice();  circle(x,y+=10,r);  floodfill(x,y,getmaxcolor());           }  }  }  getch();  }  

Output

Write a Program to implement Digital Clock.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<dos.h>    struct time t;  void display(int,int,int);  void main()  {  int i=0,gd=DETECT,gm,hr,min,sec;  clrscr();  initgraph(&gd,&gm,”c:\turboc3\bgi”);  setcolor(GREEN);  settextstyle(4,0,7);    while(!kbhit())  {     gettime(&t);     hr=t.ti_hour;     min=t.ti_min;     sec=t.ti_sec;     i++;       display(100,100,hr);     display(200,100,min);     display(300,100,sec);                sound(400);     delay(30);     nosound();     delay(930);     cleardevice();  }  getch();  }  void display(int x,int y,int num)  {     char str[3];   itoa(num,str,10);     settextstyle(4,0,7);     outtextxy(180,100,”:”);   outtextxy(280,100,”:”);   outtextxy(x,y,str);     rectangle(90,90,380,200);   rectangle(70,70,400,220);     outtextxy(90,250,”Digital Clock”);  }  

Output

Write a Program to make puzzle game.

  #include<iostream.h>  #include<dos.h>  #include<conio.h>   #include<graphics.h>  #include<stdio.h>    int a[5][5];  int t[16]={0,4,11,12,7,1,15,5,13,6,10,3,2,14,8,9};  int test[16]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15};    struct pos       {         int h,v;       }  p[4][4];   int row=4,col=4;    void game(int); //MOVEMENT  void rec();   //DRAWING RECTANGLE  void pri();   //PRINTING NUMBERS INITIALLY  int getkey();   // TO TRACE KEY PRESSED  inline void space()      {           cout<<“”;      }  inline void print(int r,int c)      {             cout<<a[r][c];      }  void init();   //TO STORE CO-ORDINATES  int stop();     // STOPING CRITERION  void gopr(int,int);   //TO PRINT NUMBER IN GAME     void main()  {       int gm=DETECT,gd=DETECT;       initgraph(&gm,&gd,”c:\turboc3\bgi”);          int d,cr=1;        init();        rec();        print();          while(cr!=16)      {            d=getkey();         game(d);        cr=stop();    }      settextstyle(10,0,1);    outtextxy(400,300,”You are winner!”);    getch();    }  void rec()  {          setcolor(5);            for(int i=0;i<200;i+=50)       {          for(int j=0;j<240;j+=60)          rectangle(j+100,i+100,j+50,i+60);       }      }       void pri()    {           int k=1;           for(int x=0,i=6;x<4;x++,i+=3)      {           for(int y=0,j=10;y<4&&k<16;y++,j+=7,k++)          {             gotoxy(p[x][y].h,p[x][y].v);           cout<<a[x][y];          }      }      }          int getkey()    {        union REGS i,o;        while(!kbhit());         i.h.ah=0;        int86(22,&i,&o);        return(o.h.ah);    }          void init()   {              int k=1;              for(int x=0,i=6;x<4;x++,i+=3)        {              for(int y=0,j=10;y<4;y++,j+=7)           {               p[x][y].h=j;               p[x][y].v=i;               a[x][y]=t[k++];            }        }       }         void game(int s)    {     int r=row-1;     int c=col-1;        if(s==77 &&c!=0)  //right    {  col–;         a[r][c]=a[r][c-1];                 gopr(r,c-1);                 space();                 gopr(r,c);                 print(r,c-1);                }               if(s==80 && r!=0)   //down    {       row–;                 a[r][c]=a[r-1][c];                 gopr(r-1,c);                 space();                 gopr(r,c);                 print(r-1,c);              }          if(s==75 && c!=3)     //left   {        a[r][c]=a[r][c+1];      col++;      gopr(r,c+1);                space();                gopr(r,c);                  print(r,c+1);     }        if(s==72 &&r!=3)     //up   {        a[r][c]=a[r+1][c];                 row++;                 gopr(r+1,c);                 space();                 gopr(r,c);                 print(r+1,c);               }   }    void gopr(int x, int y)         {   gotoxy(p[x][y].h,p[x][y].v);         }                 int stop()      {            int k=0,d=1;            for(int x=0;x<4;x++)        {            for(int y=0;y<4;y++)           {   if(a[x][y]==test[k])     d++;               k++;            }        }         return d;     }  

Output

Write a Program to implement bouncing ball using sine wave form.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<graphics.h>   #define HEIGHT getmaxy()  #define WIDTH getmaxx()  #define GROUND 450  #define MAXHEIGHT 420   void main()  {          int x,y=0,t=MAXHEIGHT,c=1;          int gd=DETECT,gm;         initgraph(&gd,&gm,”C:\T urboC3\BGI”);         for(x=40;x<=getmaxx();x=x+2)   {       //Draw Ground       rectangle (0,MAXHEIGHT,getmaxx(),MAXHEIGHT+5);       floodfill (5,MAXHEIGHT+3,WHITE);      //Draw Ball     pieslice(x,y,0,360,20);     //floodfill(x,y,RED);     delay(100);     if(y>MAXHEIGHT-20)       {           c=0;           t=t-40;       }       if(y<=(MAXHEIGHT-t))      {             c=1;       }          if(t>=40)         y=y+(c? 15:-15);          cleardevice();         //Exit upon keypress         if(kbhit())         break;  }  getch();  }  

Output

Write a Program to implement Bouncing Ball in vertical direction.

  #include <stdio.h>  #include <conio.h>  #include <graphics.h>  #include <dos.h>     int main()   {            int gd = DETECT, gm;            int i, x, y, flag=0;            initgraph(&gd, &gm, “C:\TC\BGI”);              x = getmaxx()/2;           y = 30;          while (!kbhit())         {              if(y >= getmaxy()-30 || y <= 30)             flag = !flag;             /* draws the gray board */             setcolor(RED);             setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);             circle(x, y, 30);             floodfill(x, y, RED);               delay(50);             cleardevice();            if(flag)        {             y = y + 5;        }             else       {            y = y – 5;        }    }         getch();      closegraph();      return 0;  }  

Output

Write a program of Translation, Rotation, and Scaling using Composite Transformation.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<math.h>  int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,a,b;  void draw();  void rotate();  int main(void)  {  int gd=DETECT,gm;  initgraph(&gd,&gm,”C:\TC\BGI”);  printf(“Enter first co-ordinate value for triangle:”);  scanf(“%d%d”,&x1,&y1);  printf(“Enter second co-ordinatevalues for triangle:”);  scanf(“%d%d”,&x2,&y2);  printf(“Enter third co-ordinate valuesfor triangle:”);  scanf(“%d%d”,&x3,&y3);  draw();  getch();  rotate();  getch();    return 0;  }    void draw()  {    line(x1,y1,x2,y2);    line(x2,y2,x3,y3);    line(x3,y3,x1,y1);  }   void rotate()   {  int a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3;  float angle;  printf(“Enter the rotation angle co-ordinates:”);  scanf(“%f”,∠);  cleardevice();    angle=(angle*3.14)/180;    a1=a+(x1-a)*cos(angle)-(y1-b)*sin(angle);    b1=b+(x1-a)*sin(angle)+(y2-b)*cos(angle);    a2=a+(x2-a)*cos(angle)-(y1-b)*sin(angle);    b2=b+(x2-a)*sin(angle)+(y2-b)*cos(angle);    a3=a+(x3-a)*cos(angle)-(y1-b)*sin(angle);    b3=b+(x3-a)*sin(angle)+(y2-b)*cos(angle);    printf(“ROTATION”);    printf(“n Changed coordinatesn”);    printf(“%d %dn%d %dn%d %d”,a1,b1,a2,b2,a3,b3);  line(a1,b1,a2,b2);  line(a2,b2,a3,b3);  line(a3,b3,a1,b1);   }  

Output

Write a program to draw a Circle using midpoint implementation Method.

  #include<stdio.h>  #include<graphics.h>     void drawcircle(int x0, int y0, int radius)  {      int x = radius;      int y = 0;      int err = 0;         while (x >= y)      {  putpixel(x0 + x, y0 + y, 7);  putpixel(x0 + y, y0 + x, 7);  putpixel(x0 – y, y0 + x, 7);  putpixel(x0 – x, y0 + y, 7);  putpixel(x0 – x, y0 – y, 7);  putpixel(x0 – y, y0 – x, 7);  putpixel(x0 + y, y0 – x, 7);  putpixel(x0 + x, y0 – y, 7);             if (err <= 0)  {      y += 1;      err += 2*y + 1;  }     if (err > 0)  {      x -= 1;      err -= 2*x + 1;  }      }  }   void main()  {  int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, error, x, y, r;  initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, “c:\turboc3\bgi”);             printf(“Enter radius of circle: “);  scanf(“%d”, &r);     printf(“Enter co-ordinates of center(x and y): “);  scanf(“%d%d”, &x, &y);  drawcircle(x, y, r);  getch();  }  

Output

Write a program to draw Bezier curve.

  #include   #include   #include   #include     void bezier (int x[4], int y[4])  {      int gd = DETECT, gm;      int i;      double t;      initgraph (&gd, &gm, “C:\tc\bgi”);        for (t = 0.0; t < 1.0; t += 0.0005)      {  double xt = pow (1-t, 3) * x[0] + 3 * t * pow (1-t, 2) * x[1] +      3 * pow (t, 2) * (1-t) * x[2] + pow (t, 3) * x[3];    double yt = pow (1-t, 3) * y[0] + 3 * t * pow (1-t, 2) * y[1] +      3 * pow (t, 2) * (1-t) * y[2] + pow (t, 3) * y[3];    putpixel (xt, yt, WHITE);      }    for (i=0; i<4; i++)  putpixel (x[i], y[i], YELLOW);        getch();      closegraph();      return;  }    void main()  {      int x[4], y[4];      int i;      printf (“Enter the x- and y-coordinates of the four control points.n”);      for (i=0; i<4; i++)     scanf (“%d%d”, &x[i], &y[i]);      bezier (x, y);   }           

Output

Program to rotate a rectangle about its midpoint

  #include<iostream.h>  #include <stdio.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<stdlib.h>  #define pi 3.14  class arc  {  float x[10], y[10], theta, h1, k1,r[0][10],ang;  float p[10][10],p1[10][10],x1[10], y1[10],xm,yx;  int i, k, j, n;  public:  void get();  void cal();  void map();  void graph();  void plot();  void plot1();  };  void arc::get()  {  cout “<<“n ENTER ANGLE OF ROTATION “;             cin>>ang;             n = 4;             cout<<“n ENTER”;           for (i=0; i<n; i++)           {                 cout<<“n x[“<i<<“] and y[“<<i<<“]”;                  cin>>x[i]>>y[i];           }           h1=x [0] + (([1]-x[0])/2);           k1=y[0]+(([3]-y[0])/2);           cout<<“n MIDPOINT OF RECTANGLE IS–“<<h1<<“t”<<k1;           theta=(ang*pi)/180?;           r[0][0]=cos (theta);           r[0][1]= -sin?(theta);           r[0][2]=(-h1*cos(theta))+(k1*sin(theta)+h1;           r[1][0]=sin (theta);           r [1][1]=cos (theta);           r [1][2]=(-h1*sin(theta))+(-k1*cos(theta)+k1;           r[2][0]=0;           r[2][1]=0;           r[2][2]=1;  }  void arc ::cal()  {  for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  p[0][i]=x[i];  p[1][i]=y[i];  p[2][i]=1;  }  for(i=0;i<3;i++)  {  for(j=0;j<n;j++)  {  p1[i][j]=0;             for (k=0;k<3;k++)  {  p1[i][j]+=r[i][k]*p[k][j];  }  }  }  for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  x1[i]=p1[0][i];  y1[i]=p[1][i];  }  }  void arc::map()  {  int gd=DETECT, gm;  initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);  int errorcode = graphresult();  /*an error occurred */             if (errorcode!=grOK)  {  printf(“Graphics error: %s n”,grapherrormsg (errorcode));                        printf(“Press and key to halt: “);                        getch();                        exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */              }  }  void arc::graph()  {  xm=getmaxx()/2;  ym=getmaxy()/2;  line (xm, 0, xm, 2 * ym);  line (0, ym, 2 * xm, ym);  }  void arc :: plot 1()  {  for (i=0;i<n-1;i++)  {  circle (x1[i]+xm, (-y1[i]+ym), 2);  line (x1[i]+xm, (-y1[i]+ym), x[i+1] xm, (-y1[0]+ym));  }  line (x1[n-1] +xm, (-y1[n-1]+ym), x1[0]+xm, (-y1[0]+ym));  getch();  }  void arc :: plot ()  {  for (i=0;i<n-1;i++)  {  circle (x[i]+xm, (-y[i]+ym), 2);  line (x[i]+xm, (-y[i]+ym), x[i+1] xm, (-y[i+1]+ym));  }  circle (x[n-1]+xm, (-y[n-1]+ym),2);  line (x[n-1]+xm, (-y[n-1]+ym), x[0]+xm, (-y[0]+ym));  getch();  }  void main ()  {  class arc a;  clrscr();  a.map();  a.graph();  a.get();  a.cal();  a.plot();  a.plot1();  getch();  }  

Output

Program to clip a line using Liang Barsky Method

  #include  #include   #include  #include  #include  class liang  {  float x1,x2,y1,y2,u1,u2,dx,dy,xm,ym;  float xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax,p[4],q[4],r[5],r[5];  int gd, gm, test, s, k;  public:  void clipliang();  void get();  void map();  void graph();  };  void liang :: map()  {  gd=DETECT;  initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);  int errorcode = graphresult();  /*an error occurred */             if (errorcode!=grOK)  {  printf(“Graphics error: %s n”,grapherrormsg (errorcode));                        printf(“Press and key to halt: “);                        getch();                        exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */              }  }  void liang::graph()  {  xm=getmaxx()/2;  ym=getmaxy()/2;  line (xm, 0, xm, 2 * ym);  line (0, ym, 2 * xm, ym);  }  void liang :: get()  {  cout<<“n ENTER WINDOW COORDINATES xwmin, ywmin, xwmax, ywmax”;  cin>>xmin>>ymin>>xmax>>ymax>>;  rectangle (xmin+xm,-ymin+ym,xmax+xm, -ymax+ym);         //  rectangle (320+xwmin, 240-ywmax, 320+xwmax, 240-ywmin);             cout<<“n ENTER END POINTS OF LINE (x1, y1)(x2, y2) “;             cin>>x1>>y1>>x2>>y2;  line (x1+xm,-y1+ym, x2+xm,-y2+ym);  getch();  }         // line (x1, y1, x2, y2);  void liang :: clipliang()  {  float x=0, y=1;  dx=x2-x1;  dy=y2-y1;  p[0]=-dx;  p[1]=dx;  p[2]=-dy;  p[3]=dy;  q[0]=x1-xmin;  q[1]=xmax-x1;  q[2]=y1-ymin;  q[3]=ymax-y1;  for (k=0;k<4;k++)  {  if (p[k]==0&&q[k]<0)  {  cout<<“n OUTSIDE”;                                   getch();                                   exit(0);                        }                         if (p[k]<0)             {  r[k]=q[k]/p[k];  if (r1[k]u2)  {  cout<<“n COMPLETE OUTSIDE WINDOW”;                                   getch();                                   exit(0);                          }  void main ()  {  liang1;  clrscr();  l.map();  l.graph();  l.get();  l.clipliang();  getch();  }  )>

Output

Program to implement Standard Perspective Projection in 3-Dimensions.

  #include<iostream.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<math.h>  #include<stdio.h>  #include<stdlib.h>  #define pi 3.14  class per  {  float x[10], y[10], z [10], d;  float x1 [10], y1[10], xm, ym, z1 [10];  int i, k, j, n;  public:  void get();  void perpro();  void map();  void graph();  void plot1();  }  void per::get()  {  cout<< “n ENTER OF VERTICES”;              cin>>n;  cout<<“n ENTER”;              for (i=0;i<n;i++)  {  cout<<“n x[“?i<<“], y[“<<i<<“] and z [“<<i<<“]”;  cin>>x[i]>>y[i]>>z[i];  }  cout<<“n ENTER WIDTH FOR Z-AXIS-d”;  cin>>d;  }  void per:: perpro()  {  for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  x1[i]=(d*x[i])/(z[i]+d);  y1[i]=(d*y[i])/(z[i]+d);  z1[i]=0;  }  cout<< “n ENTER PROJECTION, VERTICES OF POLYGON ARE–“;              for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  cout<<“x?[“<<i<<“]=”<<x1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“y?[“<<i<<“]=”<<y1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“z?[“<<i<<“]=”<<z1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“n”;  }  }  void per :: map()  {  int gd=DETECT;  initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);  int errorcode = graphresult();  /*an error occurred */             if (errorcode!=grOK)  {  printf(“Graphics error: %s n”,grapherrormsg (errorcode));                        printf(“Press and key to halt: “);                        getch();                        exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */              }  }  void per::graph()  {  xm= get maxx()/2;  ym=get maxy()/2  line (xm,0, xm, 2 * ym);  line (0, ym, 2 * xm, ym);  }  void per::plot1()  {  for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)  {  line(x1[i]*100+xm,(-y1[i]*100+ym),x1[i+1]*100+xm,(-y1[i+1]*100+ym));  }  line(x1[n-1]*100+xm,(-y1[n-1]*100+ym),x1[0]*100+xm,(-y1[0]*100+ym));  getch();  }  void main()  {  class per a;  clrscr();  a.map();  a.graph();  a.get();  a.perpro();  a.graph();  a.plot1();  getch();  }  

Output

Program to implement Parallel Projection in 3-Dimensions.

  #include<iostream.h>  #include<conio.h>  #include<graphics.h>  #include<math.h>  #include<stdio.h>  #include<stdlib.h>  #define pi 3.14  class per  {  float x[10], y[10], z [10], d, m[10], q1[10], r1[10], m1[10];  float x1 [10], y1[10], xm, ym, z1 [10], cav[4] [4], p[10] [10];  float p1[10] [10];  float a, b, c, ang, theta, f;  int i, k, j, n;  public:  void get();  void par_v();  void par_vnr0();  void map();  void graph();  void project(float m[],float q[], float r[]);  };  void per:: perproject(float m[], float q[], float r[])  {  cout<<“n ENTER WIDTH FOR Z-AXIS d”;  cin>>d;  cout<< “n AFTER PROJECTION, VERTICES OF POLYGON ARE–“;              for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  cout<<“x?[“<<i<<“]=”<<x1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“y?[“<<i<<“]=”<<y1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“z?[“<<i<<“]=”<<z1[i]<< “t”;  cout<<“n”;  }  getch();  clearviewport();  graph();  for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)  {  line(m[i]*100+xm,(-q[i]*100+ym),m[i+1]*100+xm,(-n1[i+1]*100+ym));                }  line(m[n-1]*100+xm,(-q[n-1]*100+ym),m[0]*100+xm,(-q[0]*100+ym));  getch();  }  void per::get()  {  cout<< “n ENTER OF VERTICES”;              cin>>n;  cout<<“n ENTER”;              for (i=0;i<n;i++)  {  cout<<“n x[“?i<<“], y[“<<i<<“] and z [“<<i<<“]”;  cin>>x[i]>>y[i]>>z[i];  }  cout<<“n ENTER WIDTH FOR Z-AXIS-d”;  cin>>d;  int ch=100;  do  {  cout<< “n 1->orthographic projection”;                                  cout<<“n 2->oblique projection”;                                  cout<<“n 0-> exit”;  cout<<“n enter ch”;  cin>>ch;  switch (ch)  {  case1:  int ch1=100;  do  {  cout<<“n 1->for xy viewplane”;  cout<<“n 2->for yz viewplane”;  cout”n 3->for zx viewplane”;  cout<<“n 0->exit”;  cout<<“n enter ch1”;  cin>>ch1;  switch(ch1)  {  case1:  x1[i]=x[i];  y1[i]=y[i];  z1[i]=0;  project(x1,y1,z1);  break;  case2:  x1[i]=0;  y1[i]=0;  z1[i]=z[i];  project(x1,y1,z1);  break;  case3:  x1[i]=x[i];  y1[i]=0;  z1[i]=z[i];  project(x1,y1,z1);  break;  }  }  while (ch!=0)       break;             case2:  ch1=100;  do  {  cout<<“n 1->on xy plane”;  cout<<“n 2->cavalier”;  cout<<“n 0->exit”;  cout<<“n enter ch1”;  cin>>ch1;  switch(ch1)  {  case1:  par_v();  break;  case2:  par_vnr0();  break();  }  while(ch!=0);  break;  }  while(ch!=0)  }  void per::par_v()  {  cout<<“n enter v (a, b, c) “;  cin>>a>>b>>c;  for(i=0; i<n;i++)  {  x1[i]=x[i]-((a*z[i]/c);  y1[i]=y[i]-((b*z[i]/c);  project(x1,y1, z1);  }           }          void per::par_vnr0()          {  cout<<“n enter f”;  cin>>f;  cout<<“n enter angle”;  cin>>angle;  theta= ((pi/180)* ang);  for(i=0;i<4;i++)  {  for(j=0;j<4;j++)  {  if(i==j)  cav[i] [j]=1;  else  cav[i] [j]=0;  }  }  cav[0] [2]=f*cos(theta);  cav[1][2]=f*sin (theta);  cav[2][2]=0;  for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  p[0][i]=x[i];  p[1][i]=y[i];  p[2][i]=z[i];  p[3][i]=1;  }  for(i=0;i<4;i++)  {  for(j=0;j<n;j++)  {  p1[i][j]=0;  for(k=0;k<4;k++)  {  p1[i][j]+=cav[i][k]*p[k][j];  }  }  }  for(i=0;i<n;i++)  {  x1[i]=p1[0][i];  y1[i]=p1[1][i];  z1[i]=p1[i];  }  project(x1,y1,z1);          }  void per :: map()  {  int gd=DETECT;  initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);  int errorcode = graphresult();  /*an error occurred */             if (errorcode!=grOK)  {  printf(“Graphics error: %s n”,grapherrormsg (errorcode));                        printf(“Press and key to halt: “);                        getch();                        exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */              }  }  void per::graph()  {  xm= get maxx()/2;  ym=get maxy()/2  line (xm,0, xm, 2 * ym);  line (0, ym, 2 * xm, ym);  }  void main()  {  class per a;  clrscr();  a.map();  a.get();  getch();  }  

Output

Program to draw Sine, Cosine and Tangent Curves

  #include  #include  #include  #include  #include  #include  #define pi 3.14  class arc  {  float x, y, a, xm, ym;  int i, ch;  public:  void get();  void map();  void sine();  void cosine();  void tangent();  };  void arc::get()  {  cout<<“n ENTER THE MAXIMUM VALUE FOR Y”;             cin>>y;             cout<<“n MENU IS———“;  cout<<“n 1-> SINE CURVE”;             cout<<“n 2->COSINE CURVE”;  cout<<“n 3-> TANGENT CURVE”;  cout<<“n 4-> EXIT”;  cout<<“n ENTER YOUR CHOICE”;             cin>>ch;             switch(ch)             {                       case1:  sine();  break();  case2:  cosine();  case3:  tangent();  case4:  exit(0);  }  }  void arc::sine()  {  cleardevice();  xm=getmaxx()/2;  ym=getmaxy()/2;  line(xm, 0, xm, 2*ym);  line(0, ym, 2 *xm, ym);  outtextxy(0, ym, “X-AXIS”);             outtextxy(xm, 0, “Y-AXIS”);  for(x=-300;x<=300;x=x+0.5)  {  y=a*sin((pi*x)/180);  putpixel(x+(320),-y+240,RED);  }  }  void arc::cosine()  {  cleardevice();  xm=getmaxx()/2;  ym=getmaxy()/2;  line(xm, 0, xm, 2*ym);  line(0, ym, 2 *xm, ym);  outtextxy(0, ym, “X-AXIS”);             outtextxy(xm, 0, “Y-AXIS”);  for(x=-300;x<=300;x=x+0.5)  {  y=a*cos((pi*x)/180);  putpixel(x+(320),-y+240,RED);  }  }  void arc :: map()  {  int gd=DETECT,gm;  initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);  int errorcode = graphresult();  /*an error occurred */             if (errorcode!=grOK)  {  printf(“Graphics error: %s n”,grapherrormsg (errorcode));                        printf(“Press and key to halt: “);                        getch();                        exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */              }  }  void main()  {  class arc a;  clrscr();  a.map();  a.get();  getch();  }  

Output

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